A B S T R A C T Green city is one of the approaches to sustainable development. “green city” is an environmentally friendly city compatible with the concept of sustainable development and can be used for the welfare and security of its inhabitants. Based on the concept of a “green city,” urban managers try to have the least destructive effect on the ecosystems upon which cities rely. Green city is one of the sustainable development approaches that reduce the environmental footprint of cities. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the situation of MASHHAD metropolis in terms of the objective characteristics of the green city. In this study, 14 indicators of electricity consumption per capita, green space per capita, population density, water availability, sewage availability, superior public transportation network, urban mass transportation, traffic reduction, annual production waste per capita, carbon monoxide, concentration nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide concentration, particulate matter concentration, and air quality were exerted. To determine the importance of research indicators, the Shannon entropy method, and the status of MASHHAD city areas in terms of green city indicators, the VIKOR multi-criteria decision-making method has been applied. The results showed that most areas of MASHHAD are average and below average in terms of green city characteristics, and only District 9 is in very good condition (0.636). Also, based on the results of this part of the research, District 5, with the value of VIKOR index of 0.969, is in the last rank in terms of objective characteristics of the green city Extended Abstract Introduction Green city is one of the approaches to sustainable development. A “Green city” is an environmentally friendly city compatible with the concept of sustainable development and can be used for the welfare and security of its inhabitants. Based on the concept of a “green city,” urban managers try to have the least destructive effect on the ecosystems upon which cities rely. Green cities constantly try to manage their environmental effects by reducing waste, increasing recycling, reducing air pollution, increasing population density, developing open urban spaces, and encouraging the development of sustainable local businesses. Green cities were first used to evaluate 30 European cities by the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) in 2009 with the financial support of Siemens and the aim of reducing the environmental effects of human activities in cities. In that study, eight indices of carbon dioxide, energy, construction, transportation, water, recycling and land use, air quality, and environmental governance were used. Later, the Economist Intelligence Unit, with the financial support of Siemens, evaluated the status of the green city index in 17 Latin American cities, 15 African cities, 22 major Asian cities, and 27 cities in United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. In recent years, even some Western Islamic scholars have, in various publications, shown that Islam is an ecological religion. In Iran, the issue of protecting the environment has not received much attention regardless of its rich cultural and religious background and its confirmation in Article 50 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. MASHHAD is the second metropolis of Iran, located in North-East of Iran, and is one of the counties of Khorasan Razavi Province. According to the 2016 Iranian Population and Housing Census, its population was 3057679 people (The Vice-Presidency of Planning and Development of MASHHAD Municipality). In MASHHAD, due to several reasons including the presence of Imam Reza Shrine (PBUH) and arrival of millions of pilgrims per year, population growth, increased garbage production (production of 896534 tons of garbage in 2016 (The Vice-Presidency of Planning and Development of MASHHAD Municipality), air pollution (increased number of unhealthy days from 46 days per year in 2015 to 88 days in 2016 for sensitive groups and 4 days of unhealthy air for all groups in 2016 (Center for Monitoring Environmental Pollutants of MASHHAD Municipality) the 2025 vision of the city has paid attention to the environment in the form of five general objectives; however, just like the national level, no specific pattern for environmentally-compatible urban development, such as green city, is determined. Analysis of the green city index in MASHHAD metropolis can considerably contribute to urban managers and planners in addition to providing a pattern for evaluating the present situation in other cities of Iran and improving the quality of life regardless of the current status of the urban environment in Iranian cities; we can preserve these environments as parts of the natural environment for future generations.   Methodology In terms of its goal, the present study is an applied one; in the study, drawing upon other studies and library sources and considering the conditions of Iran and the metropolis of MASHHAD in terms of green city, 14 quantitative indices were exerted. To this end, the required data for the quantitative indices was gathered by library research from the relevant institutions. Next, the weights of quantitative indices were determined using Shannon's entropy. Then, using the VIKOR method of multi-criteria decision-making, the status of various districts of the metropolis of MASHHAD in terms of quantitative indices of green city was determined. Finally, the map of the spatial distribution of quantitative indices was drawn using the ARC GIS software package.   Results and discussion In this study, to analyze the status of the metropolis of MASHHAD in terms of green city features, 14 quantitative indices were used. Considering the value of the VIKOR index ranges from 0 to 1, various districts of MASHHAD can be classified into five categories; very satisfactory, satisfactory, average, unsatisfactory, and very unsatisfactory in terms of quantitative indices of green city. The results of the current situation of MASHHAD showed that in terms of objective indicators of the green city, District 9 of MASHHAD metropolis with a value of VIKOR index of 0.056 is in first place, and the seventh region with a value of VIKOR index of 0.433 is in second place. Also, based on the results of this part of the research, District 5, with the value of VIKOR index of 0.969, is in the last rank in terms of objective characteristics of the green city.   Conclusion Similarly, the results of studies by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017) on Tehran metropolis are indicative of the unsatisfactory situation of Tehran (the biggest metropolis of Iran) in terms of green city features. Comparing the results of the studies by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017) with the present study on MASHHAD (the second biggest metropolis of Iran) reveals the necessity for a comprehensive plan toward achieving green cities. It should be mentioned that, due to the specific conditions of MASHHAD metropolis and availability or unavailability of the required data, the indices used in the present study are somewhat different from the ones used by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017).   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.     Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific

Because of the special social situations of the MEDICAL society, the researchers studied the frequency of the psychiatric problems among them as the first step for residing of their distress and psychopathology.The study is a descriptive- referential cross- sectional survey. 842 of the MEDICAL students of MASHHAD MEDICAL School completed SCL-90-R and a supplementary questionnaire including general information such as age, sex, educational level, the average of grades, marital status, the accommodation status, their teaching hospital and their opinion to their professional future.In 59.4% of student, the scores were over the cut-point, based on SCL-90-R test. And this was equal in males and females except for paranoia, which was higher in females (p<0.05) According to marital status, there was a higher rate of scores for paranoia and psychosis in singles (p<0.05).In subjects who had a positive view for their future the scores were significantly lower than pessimistic ones.Because of the important aspects of psychiatric problems in the different groups of MEDICAL students, further analytical studies on this issue are recommended. Also it seems that it is necessary to have a mental health clinic for MEDICAL students.

Introduction: Hypochondrias is a psychiatric disorder characterized by a strong belief and concerns about having a serious malady. As there is little researches on it in Iran, this study was designed to determine the frequency of these symptoms among the students of medicine considering their age, gender and educational major and degree.Materials & Methods: This study was performed on 500 randomly selected students in dormitories of MASHHAD UNIVERSITY of MEDICAL SCIENCES. Those with a known previous MEDICAL or mental disorder or defectiveness were excluded. All the students answered the demographic questions and Evans hypochondrias questionnaires including 36 items. The data was analyzed using appropriate statistical descriptive and analytic tests such as independent t and ANOVA. Findings: In the present study, the prevalence of hypochondrias among the students was %36.8 at the borderline level and 16% at the disorder level. Out of the 70 cases with hypochondriac disorder, 57 people showed mild while 13 cases had moderate symptoms. This disorder was significantly more prevalent in girls than boys (P=0.000). There was no signs of association with marital status (P=0.318). However, all the students with moderate disorders were single. Results of ANOVA showed the differences of hypochondrias variables due to educational fields and curriculum grades.Discussion & Conclusion: The present study showed a higher prevalence of hypochondrias in Iranian students of medicine compared to those in other countries. In contrast to other studies, the disorder proved to be more prevalent in women in this research. In this study, there was also a higher prevalence of symptoms in people with bachelor degrees than those with other educational levels which can be due to inaccurate MEDICAL information. In spite of high prevalence rates of hypochondrias symptoms among the students, full criteria disorders were not prevalent.

Background: Students have individual learning style preferences including visual (V; learning from graphs, charts, and flow diagrams), auditory (A; learning from speech), read-write(R; learning from reading and writing), and kinesthetic (K; learning from touch, hearing, smell, taste, and sight).These preferences can be assessed using the VARK questionnaire.Purpose: We aimed to assess different learning styles of MEDICAL students in our collage. Methods: This study was conducted to describe learning styles of 214 MEDICAL and Midwifery students in MASHHAD UNIVERSITY of MEDICAL SCIENCES. By using the English version of the VARK questionnaire, we measured the difference in learning styles of MEDICAL students and midwifery students and compared with 57336 global general students who completed the test in VARK website up to Sep 2007.Results: The dominant learning preference of our students was Aural preference (30.8%) followed by Read/Write (20.6%), while (7.5%) were in Kinesthetic and (5.6%) were Visual learners; still most of the students (35.5%) represented a multimodal learning preference. No significant difference was found between males and females. The general pattern between MEDICAL student and Midwifery student is the same. There was a significant relation between Internship Entrance Exam score and thelearning styles of MEDICAL student and who were more Read/Write got higher scores. Conclusion: Knowing that our students have different preferred learning modes will help MEDICAL instructors in our faculty develop appropriate learning approaches and explore opportunities so that they will be able to make the educational experience more productive.

A B S T R A C T Considering the location of vital centers in the heart of the cities, they are more affected by unexpected events. Hence, due to the probability of the loss of existing services and devastating effects on the social organization and the necessity to prepare essential needs of people and military agencies, planning and building the storage for essential items as a replacement for the damaged services are considered a critical factor in social and defensive reliability. This research tries to locate stockpile of essential Items in MASHHAD by emphasizing passive defense criteria and analyzing stockpiles of essential items in terms of form communicational structure. The type of research is applied, and the research method is in theoretical discussion and formulation of mental models, descriptive-analytical and information-gathering methods, documents, questionnaires, and interviews. Moreover, the information analysis method is with the IHWP model in GIS software in the locating section. In the section on examining architectural patterns and forms is content analysis. The research results show that 20.61 percent of MASHHAD has an optimal location potential, and 0.94 percent of city also has a favorable potential for location. Also, parts of the north-east and south of the city have the priority for location. The types of spatial organization of the rectangular form, including centralized, four-armed, introverted, and diagonal, were investigated in the architecture department. The centralized form is preferable to other forms for its capacity and access to exits and spatial organization Extended Abstract Introduction As a stockpile of essential items to facilitate the process of activities and to achieve goals, the warehouse plays a vital role in creating this flexibility in organizations. In fact, from the point of view of crisis management, the stockpile of essential items can play a significant role in the supply chain to deal with unforeseen internal or external incidents. Passive defense in the stockpile of essential items refers to measures that do not require expensive and challenging methods and solutions to protect the stockpile of essential items. Furthermore, it can help avoid the substantial expenses of monitoring the entire inventory and increasing non-conformities (such as theft, fire, non-conformity in the inventory and management inspection, fatal accidents, etc.) or reduce this amount. Choosing the form of the stockpile of essential items for essential items with a passive defense approach requires a comprehensive analysis based on defense principles such as hierarchical protection, nationwide coverage, dynamic protection, relative self-sufficiency, and minimum vulnerability. Therefore, in addition to placing this category of stockpile of essential items in MASHHAD, the mentioned research also tries to establish a relationship between architectural forms and principles of defense to reduce vulnerability and improve the level of relief in times of crisis.   Methodology The current type of research is applied, and the research method is descriptive-analytical. In this research, 29 people were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires and in-depth interviews with urban and passive defense experts. The method of data analysis is quantitative and qualitative. Also, the content analysis method was used to compile and analyze the architectural forms of the stockpile of essential items of essential items compatible with the principles of passive defense. The fuzzy quantitative model IHWP was exploited in GIS software for placing the stockpile of essential items in the studied sample.   Results and discussion Locating From the overlaying of 10 indicators, distance from the fault, height of buildings, distance from gas lines, distance from high voltage power lines, road width, building density, risk of uses, distance from water transmission lines, population density, and land prone to liquefaction, location in 10 class was conducted that the first and second priority is the north-east and south of MASHHAD, which has the most favorable location. In MASHHAD, 17.2% of the city area has a very low score, 12.8% low score, 48.37% medium score, 20.61% high score, and 0.94% very high score regarding location desirability.   Architecture According to the previous studies on geometric forms, the suitable form for warehouse design is a simple form that does not have frequent breaks and sharp and vague points to reduce the spatial deviation. Among the geometrical shapes, square and rectangular right-cornered shapes meet the criteria of warehouse design. In the meantime, the rectangle can define joints along its length, each of which is a focal point for concentrating activities and organizing their performance. Additionally, the internal spaces in this form are reasonably defined, which results in the building's overall form being overshadowed. This also makes the surrounding accesses more targeted and focused, ultimately providing more suitable relief during times of crisis. In order to create four types of stockpiles of essential items, A (centralized), B (four arms), C (introverted), and D (polar) were designed, and the way of combining these stockpiles of essential items was expressed and analyzed separately. The research results on accesses and circulation shows that type A covers a population of over 100,000 people, which has the best performance in terms of access to exits and spatial organization and provides services in times of crisis. Therefore, type A, due to the sequence of layers, lines, and expansion on the surface, has the most functional symmetry with the body of the warehouse, and its spatial projection is limited to adapt the shell to the body. Visually, it has the least visibility from a high height. Due to its volume and formal indicators, it has a high level of homogeneity and camouflage with its surrounding environment.   Conclusion The results of placing stockpiles of essential items in MASHHAD showed that the northeast and south of the city have a higher talent for establishment. According to the examination of geometric forms, the rectangular form has the most efficiency for warehouse design in the architecture area. Due to formal capabilities such as the value of lines, angles, and proportions, it has the most efficiency in terms of performance, motion circulation, and the least spatial deviation. In order to research as mentioned above, after choosing the dominant form of the rectangle, an attempt has been made to analyze the spatial organization of the rectangular form using linear, combined, decomposition, and combination methods and centripetal and radial arrangements in terms of passive defense principles. Furthermore, four different types of warehouse design were formally analyzed as patterns and representative types, which are four arms, centralized, introverted, and diagonal, each of which, in addition to functional capabilities, also covers the population's needs in crisis conditions. Finally, the concentrated type due to the extent of its successive lines and layers in close proximity to each other, the perceptibility of the surfaces of the body joints because it can be recognized from a high altitude in order not to be identified in times of crisis such as air raid, they have the highest degree of compatibility between function and form from the point of view of passive defense.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.     Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific

Background and Objective: Bioethics is a multidisciplinary subject which has been of major significance to biotechnology researchers and related fields. The aim of this survey was to assess knowledge and attitudes of postgraduate students of MEDICAL Faculty regarding bioethical issues.Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out among the postgraduate basic MEDICAL SCIENCES students of Faculty of Medicine in MASHHAD UNIVERSITY of MEDICAL SCIENCES, MASHHAD, Iran. A selfadministered questionnaire consisted of 42 questions was designed to assess knowledge and attitudes of postgraduate students on bioethical issues.Results: A total of 107 postgraduate students (out of 114), including 73 Master (MSc) and 34 Doctoral (PhD) students filled out the survey (93.8%). Only 17.6% of PhD students had a good knowledge of bioethics whereas none of the MSc students fell within this category. On average almost 68.5%of the respondents were familiar with the term "Bioethics". About 95.7% of MSc students reported that no academic courses were offered in bioethics whereas 54.5% of PhD students were able to take academic courses in the field. The results also showed that about 85 % of the respondents generally believed that it was necessary to increase their knowledge of bioethics.Conclusion: Although the postgraduate students were familiar with the term “Bioethics”, their awareness about bioethical issues was not very desirable. Results showed that the students had a high level of motivation for increasing their general knowledge in the field, so the necessity of designing appropriate courses on bioethics in UNIVERSITY curricula should be reinforced.

Background & Aim: rtPA injection is a routine and common therapeutic approach in treatment of ischemic stroke patients. But its use has been limited because of contraindications and limited time span and because of low success in resolution of thrombus in MCA and ICA arteries. The novel and complementary approach is opening main arteries by mean of mechanical thrombectomy.Methods & Materials/Patients: 22 patients with ischemic stroke underwent mechanical thrombectomy during January 2014 to July 2016 at Ghaem Hospital catheterization lab.Results: Patients including 8 women and 14 gentlemen underwent thrombectomy. The mean age of patients was 58.5 years. Mean NIHSS and ASPECT of the patients were 17.1 and 6.2, respectively. Mean time of stroke accident to sheath insertion was 6.2 hours. Mean NIHSS and mean mRS, 72 hours later, were 11.6 and 3.3, respectively.Conclusion: It seems that our results are in concordance with similar studies in the USA and European countries, that where reported 40 to 50 % success rate in their investigat ions.

Introduction: Evaluation of epidemiology and seasonal variation of Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment (RRD), in patients undergoing retinal detachment surgery. Materials and Methods: MEDICAL records of 416 patients admitted in KHATAM eye hospital (MASHHAD, IRAN) were reviewed between years 2000 to 2008. Information about sex, age, season and month of incidence and operation and concomitant risk factors of patients, were gathered and analyzed.Results: Average age of patients was 41 years old. Most of the cases of the disease were observed in the age group of above 60 y/o (35%). The frequency of the RRD was higher in male patients than in females. (Ratio: 1.7 to 1).Distribution of our cases in different seasons showed no significant difference between them (P value=0.142). The highest and lowest rate of RRD was observed in October and September respectively with October having 51 patients (12.3%) and September having 23patients (5.5%).Myopia and pseudophakia were most common risk factors. There was no statistically significant relationship between age and month (and season) of incidence (or diagnosis and surgical procedure) of the RRD, likewise for gender. Conclusion: This study showed more RRD in male patients. Patients above than 60 years old have greater risks of incidence of RRD. No seasonal incidence pattern for RRD was founded, however, most of cases occurred in October, and at least in September.

Background: Entrepreneurship has had a dispensable role in economic and social sectors, especially in the health system. One of the problems is the lack of standardized tools for measuring the entrepreneurship status in MEDICAL universities. The purpose of this study was to design an entrepreneurship measurement tool in MASHHAD UNIVERSITY of MEDICAL SCIENCES. Methods: This is a mixed qualitative-quantitative study in two phases of reviewing the literature and expert opinion survey using Delphi method. In the first step, the variables affecting organizational entrepreneurship were extracted by examining the related literature. Afterwards, the extracted variables were finalized by Delphi method after reaching the consensus of experts. Then, in the quantitative section, the final dimension questionnaire was prepared and structural equation method was used for data analysis. Results: Six dimensions were identified for Entrepreneurship Questionnaire and 39 components of Entrepreneurship dimension were reported. The results showed that many factors affect entrepreneurship, including human factors, entrepreneurship culture, motivational factors, accelerating variables, information technologies, and rehabilitation variables. Conclusions: The designed tool can help to identify the current status of entrepreneurship in MEDICAL science universities. Given the need for current organizations to benefit from the advantages of moving to entrepreneurial management, managers can go a long way toward continually improving the organization through special attention to the dimension affecting this management style identified in the present study, as well as providing resources and facilities needed to achieve these dimensions.